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School of Business and Economics 

School Dean: Dr. Sonia Aziz

Director of Undergraduate Business Programs: Dr. Eva Marikova Leeds

Director of Graduate Business Programs: Dr. Joseph Szmania

Assistant Vice President Corporate-Educational Partnerships: Dr. Katie P. Desiderio

Director of Assessment and Accreditation: Dr. Mark Koscinski

Co-Directors of the Accounting Program: Koscinski, O’Connor

Professors: Aziz, Desiderio, Kaskowitz, Leeds

Assistant Professors: Boyer, He, Liu

Professor of Practice: Krohn

Associate Professors of Practice: Cunningham, Elhussini, Koscinski, O’Connor, Szmania

Assistant Professors of Practice: Cyliax, Kuhns

Adjunct Faculty: Aloi, Barron, Bartkus, Best, Brown, Daly, Dickerson, Egan, Fehr, Fernandez-Seoane, Hahn, Huff, King, Kubel, Law, Marabella, Orlando, Queen, Ramson, Ravelle, Roche, Rommens, Schmidt, Schurra, Srivastava, Stewart, Talipan, Vazquez, Welsh, West, and Wodzisz  

Senior Support Leader: Cathy Welsko

Mission Statement

The School of Business and Economics advances the values of the liberal arts and professional education through the traditions of ɫ��ɫ University. We enact transformational teaching, research, and learning in accounting, economics, and management for undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. Our curricular components are adapted for the distinct needs of each student. 

Undergraduate Majors and Minors

The School of Business and Economics offers undergraduate majors in Accounting, Business Management, Economics, Finance, Marketing Analytics, Marketing Management, Sports Management, International Management (in collaboration with Modern Languages and Literatures) and Environmental Economics and Policy (in collaboration with Environmental Studies). The accounting, economics, and management majors are accredited by the (ACBSP).

The Major in Accounting

Accounting is often called “the language of business.” The study of accounting prepares students to analyze and summarize economic activity for purposes of good decision making in organizations. The accounting major helps to prepare students for careers in public accounting, private industry, and nonprofit organizations. It is also a good foundation for graduate study in accounting, management, finance, and law, as well as preparation examinations for professional certifications such as Certified Public Accountant, Certified Management Accountant, and Certified Internal Auditor.

Most states now require 150 credit hours of education to be completed before a candidate may be licensed as a CPA. Students can meet this requirement at ɫ��ɫ University through early planning and careful course selection. One option is through admission to the 4 + 1 B.A./MBA. Program. Students are encouraged to consult with their advisors on course selection.

The Minor in Accounting

The minor in accounting consists of five (5) course units: ACCT 157, 213 and three (3) other Accounting courses, at least two of which must be at the 200 level or above.

Note: Students in the School of Business and Economics may not double count any courses between the major and the minor.

The Major in Business Management

Business Management students study market forces and organizational capabilities to evaluate and manage business activities. Students will learn to analyze the business environment through accepted approaches and procedures that results in enhanced decision-making for business professionals.  Business management majors study and apply the principles of accounting, finance, management, economics, marketing, human resource, and legal requirements to achieve organizational goals.

The Minor in Business Management 

For students with a major outside of the School Business and Economics, the Business Management minor consists of the following five (5) courses:  ECON 152, FIN 231, BUS 226, MKTG 151 and BUS 252 or BUS 253.

For students with a major within the School Business and Economics, the Business Management minor consists of the following five (5) economics courses: BUS 226, BUS 253, BUS 324, BUS 342 and one (1) elective chosen from the following: ACCT 213, ECON 256, MKTG 151, BUS 366 or MKTG 370.

Note: Students in the School of Business and Economics may not double count any courses between the major and the minor.

The Major in Economics

Economics is a social science in which we learn how and why individuals, firms, households, and governmental agencies make the decisions they make.  This broad discipline includes examining issues of scarcity, decisions about production and consumption, in addition to household, family, and public policy decisions.  The study of economics touches many fields including healthcare, labor, education, and the environment. The economics major provides a background for careers in business, government, economics, law, public administration, planning, as well as preparation for graduate study.

The economics major at ɫ��ɫ has three tracks: 

• Managerial Economics - the managerial economics track prepares students for careers in management with a focus on production, consumption, and operations decision-making.  Students studying in this track will learn about optimizing product pricing, quality, and design decisions under a variety of market structures.  Students completing this track will be prepared for management and consulting careers.
• Public Policy Economics - the public policy economics track prepares students for policy analyst roles in governmental and nonprofit agencies.  Students studying in this track will learn the fundamental economic theories and apply them in a variety of policy arenas, including: health, sustainability, economic development, discrimination, and income inequality.  Students completing this track will be prepared for careers as policy analysts in a variety of contexts.
• Quantitative Economics - the quantitative economics track prepares students for graduate school and policy analysis roles, in addition to quantitative-based consulting careers.  Students studying in this track will explore the underlying mathematical models inherent in decision-making analyses across a variety of policy and business contexts.  Students completing this track will be prepared for data analyst careers and graduate school in economics or other data analytics fields.

The Minor in Economics

For students with a major outside of the School Business and Economics, the economics minor consists of the following five (5) courses:  ECON 152, ECON 156, ECON 225 OR ECON 226, and two (2) ECON elective courses at the 200-level or higher.

For students with a major within the School Business and Economics, the economics minor consists of five (5) economics courses that are not included in the business core (or in one’s major).

Note: Students in the School of Business and Economics may not double count any courses between the major and the minor.

The Major in Environmental Economics and Policy

For details on course requirements and options, please refer to this link. 

The Major in Finance

Finance is a discipline focused on the creation and management of money. To be exact, it studies how an individual, firm or government acquires money and spends money. Finance works in many areas, including asset pricing, financial markets, financial institutions, risk management, and corporate finance. The finance major will develop students’ skills in determining asset values, preparing corporate budgets, choosing optimal financial structures, managing risk, and making financial decisions such as dividend policies, mergers and acquisitions, and working capital management.  

The Minor in Finance

Finance is a discipline focused on the creation and management of money. To be exact, it studies how an individual, firm or government acquires money and spends money. Finance works in many areas, including asset pricing, financial markets, financial institutions, risk management, and corporate finance. The finance major will develop students’ skills in determining asset values, preparing corporate budgets, choosing optimal financial structures, managing risk, and making financial decisions such as dividend policies, mergers and acquisitions, and working capital management.

The Finance Minor consists of FIN 341 Investment and Portfolio Theory and any four (4) additional courses from the list below. The courses cannot be in the student’s major and no more than two courses can be in economics.

• ECON 220 Money, Banking and Financial Markets 
• ECON 226 Intermediate Macroeconomics 
• ECON 236 International Economics
• ECON 256 Applied Econometrics 
• FIN 235 Current Topics in Finance
• FIN 331 Advanced Managerial Finance
• FIN 332 Behavioral Finance
• FIN 342 Risk Management and Insurance
• BUS 326 Law of Finance

Note: Students in the School of Business and Economics may not double count any courses between the major and the minor.

The Certificate in Finance

Finance is a discipline focused on the creation and management of money. To be exact, it studies how an individual, firm or government acquires money and spends money. Finance works in many areas, including asset pricing, financial markets, financial institutions, risk management, and corporate finance. The finance major will develop students’ skills in determining asset values, preparing corporate budgets, choosing optimal financial structures, managing risk, and making financial decisions such as dividend policies, mergers and acquisitions, and working capital management. 

The Finance Certificate consists of the following seven (7) courses: 

1. ACCT 157 Financial Accounting

2. MATH 105 Mathematics for Business

3. ECON 152 Principles of Economics

4. ECON 156 Economic and Business Statistics or MATH 107 Elementary Statistics

5. ECON 220 Money, Banking and Financial Markets

6. FIN 231 Managerial Finance

7. FIN 341 Investment and Portfolio Theory

The Minor in Forensic Auditing

The minor will consist of six courses in Accounting and Sociology, as outlined below.

The Major in International Management 

The major in international management is offered jointly by the School of Business and Economics and the Department of Modern Languages and Literatures.  It consists of six courses in each department and includes a semester-long program of study in a country where French, German or Spanish  is spoken as a primary language.   Students  will consult with advisors to choose programs abroad that complement the programmatic focus.  All students interested in this major should consult with Professors James P. West and Carmen Ferrero (Spanish), Joanne McKeown (French), or Axel Hildebrandt (German).  For details on course requirements and options, please  

There is no minor offered in International Management.

The Major in Marketing Analytics

Marketing Analytics studies data to evaluate marketing activities. Students will learn to analyze data through accepted approaches and procedures that results in enhanced decision-making for marketing professionals.  Marketing analytics studies patterns in economic and consumer data that can be used to improve an organization’s marketing strategy.

The Major in Marketing Management

Marketing Management studies market forces and organizational capabilities to evaluate and manage marketing activities. Students will learn to analyze the market environment through accepted approaches and procedures that results in enhanced decision-making for marketing professionals.  Marketing management studies and applies market analysis, market segmentation, positioning, differentiation and the marketing mix in the development of marketing strategies and integrated marketing plans that achieve organizational goals.

The Minor in Marketing

Marketing Management studies market forces and organizational capabilities to evaluate and manage marketing activities. Students will learn to analyze the market environment through accepted approaches and procedures that results in enhanced decision-making for marketing professionals.  Marketing management studies and applies market analysis, market segmentation, positioning, differentiation and the marketing mix in the development of marketing strategies and integrated marketing plans that achieve organizational goals.

The minor will consist of five courses in this field, as outlined below.

Note: Students in the School of Business and Economics may not double count any courses between the major and the minor.

The Major in Sports Management 

The Major in Supply Chain Management

Supply Chain Management is the handling of the entire production flow of a good or service from raw materials to final product delivery.  Supply chain managers plan, source, organize products and see them through the manufacturing process, and coordinate the logistics of product delivery and returns.

The Interdepartmental Major

Please refer to the section of the catalog describing the interdepartmental major. Students choosing the School of Business and Economics as the “ Set #1” must complete ECON 152, ECON 156 (or appropriate statistics equivalent), and ACCT 157. 

Notes for Majors and Minors in Economics and Business

• Entrance to Major Requirements:  Students must complete each of the following courses with a C- or better before declaring a major in Accounting, Economics, or Management:  ECON 152, statistics requirement (ECON 156 or MATH 107) and the calculus requirement (MATH 108). Students may repeat a course to improve the grade in accordance with the University policy on repeating a course.
• Students majoring in programs in the Economics and Business Department are expected to be computer-literate and acquainted with applications in word-processing, spreadsheets, and statistical analysis.
• Algebra and calculus are required in the economics, management, and accounting majors. The algebra requirement ordinarily is met by the completion of three years of secondary mathematics; the calculus requirement is met by taking MATH 108.
• Transfer students may satisfy the calculus prerequisite through courses taken at other institutions on approval of the Economics and Business Department chair. Students are advised that such courses might not satisfy ɫ��ɫ's F2 requirement.
• MATH 107 may be substituted for ECON 156 in the major or minor in economics, management, international management, and accounting students who have received academic credit for MATH 107 or MATH 231, will not receive credit for ECON 156. 
• Students intending graduate work in economics are encouraged strongly to take MATH 171  and MATH 220.
• Majors in economics, management, international management, or accounting are urged to develop a significant concentration in some other area, whether it be mathematics, a natural science, one of the humanities, a foreign language, or another behavioral science.
• ECON 152 will satisfy the M4 Learning in Common requirement in Economic, Social, and Political Systems.
• All students majoring in the department must enroll in one writing-intensive (WI) course within their major.
• Students may major in one field in the department and minor in another but may not double-count courses (i.e., count a single course towards both the major and the minor). Students should consult their advisor or the chair regarding acceptable substitute courses.
• Majors in this department may not take any full-unit courses in the department on a pass/no credit basis.
• The department recognizes self-designed and interdisciplinary majors and minors and conforms to University policy with regard to their requirements. Advisors should consult the most recent edition of this catalog for requirements and more information.
• Challenges to all course prerequisites must be approved by the department chair.

Undergraduate Courses in Accounting 

ACCT 157. Financial Accounting. Introduction to accounting, the language of business. This course provides an introduction to financial reporting. Topics include reporting of business transactions, application of accounting theory, standards, and principles, and analysis of financial information. 

ACCT 213. Managerial Accounting. This course is designed to introduce students to the variety of ways in which managerial accounting data and information is used by organizational leadership to make strategic decisions. Students will learn how firms manage costs, create and manage budgets, use variance analysis, Cost-Volume-Profit analysis, Return on Investment, balanced scorecards, and capital budgeting to lead the firm into the future. Prerequisite ACCT 157.

ACCT 218. Intermediate Accounting I. Environment and theoretical structure of financial accounting, including income statements and statements of cash-flows, income measurement, the balance sheet, financial disclosures, time value of money concepts, cash and receivables, inventories, operational assets, investments. Application of accounting and economic concepts to analysis of a company's financial position and performance, as shown in published information, primarily financial statements. Prerequisite: ACCT 157. 

ACCT 219. Intermediate Accounting II. Continuation of ACCT 218. Topics include liabilities, contingencies, stockholders' equity, dilutive securities, earnings per share, investment, revenue recognition, income taxes, pensions, post-retirement benefits, leases, accounting changes and error correction, statement of cash-flows, financial statement analysis, full disclosure. Prerequisite: ACCT 218 with a grade of C or better.

ACCT 230. Forensic Accounting and Fraud. This course will introduce the student to the concepts of fraud, investigation, and forensic accounting. Prerequisite: ACCT 157. 

ACCT 240.2. International Accounting. Global trade and economic integration make the world smaller and increase the importance of international accounting.  This course starts with  international business and multinational financial strategy, along with the related issues of  international accounting.  We study generally accepted accounting standards (GAAP) relating to international operations and international financial reporting standards and how they impact worldwide business. We also examine the status of the accounting profession and accounting standards in several industrialized countries. Prerequisite: ACCT 157. 

ACCT 258. Computers and Accounting Information Systems. Introduction to hardware, software, networks, databases. Developing information strategy, organizing reporting needs, setting up accounting systems. Discussion of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Prerequisites: ACCT 157 and BUS 211.2 or equivalent experience. 

ACCT 313. Advanced Managerial Accounting and Analytics. This course explores the use of accounting information for internal planning, analysis, cost management and decision making. Topics covered include cost management, evaluating and managing performance, customer and product profitability, activity based management, budgeting and forecasting, and  predictive and prescriptive analytics. Prerequisites: ACCT 157 and ACCT 213. 

ACCT 315. Federal Income Tax. Personal tax concepts, structure, and planning, including rules of taxation that influence personal or business decisions. An understanding of our federal tax system is required to succeed in such professions as public accounting, banking, investment management, and auditing, as well as other occupations that involve decision-making. Prerequisite: ACCT 157. 

ACCT 322. Advanced Accounting. A comprehensive study of the equity and cost methods of accounting for investments in common stock and business combinations, including consolidated financial statements. Special topics such as accounting for partnerships, segment and interim reporting, foreign currency, and international accounting issues, including global accounting standards and diversity. Prerequisite: ACCT 218 with a grade of C or better.

ACCT 324. Auditing. An introduction to the practice and profession of auditing. Major topics include audit responsibilities and objectives, audit planning, evidence accumulation, materiality and risk, internal control, audit reports, professional ethics, and legal liability. Prerequisites: ACCT 218 with a grade of C.

ACCT 340. WI: Senior Seminar in Accounting. A capstone course related to financial reporting and hot accounting issues. Emphasis on understanding conceptual issues about financial reporting; such as international accounting standards and ethical issues as they relate to the profession. Understanding how business choices and ethical decisions affect financial statements and user perspectives; researching a company's financial statements, press releases, and news reports. Materials include case studies of actual companies. Prerequisite: ACCT 218 with a grade of C or better. Writing-intensive. 

ACCT 351.2. Not-for-Profit-Sector Accounting. Issues of financial reporting, managerial, taxation, and information systems in not-for-profit organizations. Principles and practices of nonprofit accounting, ethics and professional standards, measurement of efficiency and economical use of resources to satisfy legal, reporting, and societal requirements. Emphasis on writing, speaking, critical thinking, and analytical skills. Prerequisite: ACCT 157 with a grade of C or better.

ACCT 352.2. Tax Planning for Business Entities. Fundamentals of individual and business income taxation, tax implications of various types of business entities, planning for acquisition and disposition of property, tax-advantaged investments, financial planning. Topics include employee compensation, conduit entities, corporations, and estates and trusts. Tax research and practitioner concerns. Prerequisites: ACCT 157 and ACCT 315 or equivalent experience. 

ACCT 190-199, 290-299, 390-399. Special Topics.
ACCT 286, 381-383. Independent Study.
ACCT 384. Independent Research.
ACCT 288, 386-388. Internship.
ACCT 400-401. Honors.

Undergraduate Courses in Business Management

BUS 155. Business and Society. Business and Society provides a comprehensive introduction to functional and strategic elements of business enterprises in the context of society at large. Analysis of the social, cultural, legal, political, technological and economic environments in which businesses operate are central to the course. Basic accounting, finance, marketing, human resources, production, operations and information systems are introduced. The role of free enterprise, entrepreneurship, globalization, corporate governance, sustainability and stakeholder management are among the issues addressed. Prerequisite: Freshman/sophomore status only. 

BUS 211.2. Applied Information Management. Problems of organizing and managing data for use by managers, economists, and social scientists, or anyone who must keep track of information. Basics of information systems: what they are, how to design them, how they are used; and two computer tools used to manage them: spreadsheets and databases. Web research and usage. 

BUS 216. Information Systems for Management. In this course, we will explore the importance of information systems in an organization and the usage of computer applications in the business and industry environment.  Students will advance their management skills and gain an understanding of concepts in computing with the focus on hands-on experience with Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and Access.  Through an in-depth use of Microsoft Excel, students in this course will develop advanced skills in the following:  spreadsheets, formulas & functions, charts, datasets & tables, PivotTables and PivotCharts, What-If Analysis, specialized functions, and statistical functions. Prerequisite: BUS 211.2 or equivalent experience.

BUS 226. Legal Environment of Business. Legal principles related to conduct of business and industry. Topics of analysis include contracts, sales, agency, business organizations, partnerships, corporations, pass-through entities, unfair competition, and cyberlaw. 

BUS 252. Using Data in Business Decision Making. This course introduces students to business decision making using data. Students will apply techniques of data preparation, data visualization, regression analysis, forecasting, spreadsheet modeling, and optimization methods to transform data into insight. Prerequisites: ECON156 or MATH 107 and BUS 155.

BUS 253. Human Resource Management. Employee motivation, recruitment and selection, performance evaluation, training and development, compensation and benefit plans, intra-organizational communication. Emphasis on case studies to develop problem-solving and decision-making abilities; operational practices; relevant behavioral- science theories; public policy and institutional constraints on effective use of human resources. Prerequisite: BUS 155.

BUS 255. Mindfulness in Sport. Using Csikszentmihalyi’s theory of flow as the theoretical framework to guide this course, we will explore mindfulness and flow in the context of optimizing performance in sports organizations. Together, we will discover how leaders make meaning of their behaviors in the context of doing good business in the sports industry. We will explore ways of thinking, reactions to our readings, self-reflection, and how to express responses in an analytical and thoughtful way. In an effort to create awareness for happiness at work, we must understand the cultural implications that stimulate our lives. Using a sports management lens, let’s explore how “… leaders and managers of any organization can learn to contribute to the sum of human happiness, to the development of an enjoyable life that provides meaning, and to a society that is just and evolving” (Csikszentmihalyi, p. 5, 2003). Prerequisite:  BUS 155.

BUS 324. Operations Management. Introduction to managing the supply side of profit and not-for-profit organizations, and their production of goods and services. Includes process improvement, scheduling, materials management, and quantitative methods for operations management. Prerequisites: ECON 156 or MATH 107  (final grade of C– or better) and two (2) of the following: ACCT 213 or FIN 231 or BUS 253. 

BUS 326. Law of Finance and Credit. Aspects of legal environment of financial and thrift institutions. Application of Uniform Commercial Code to commercial paper, deposits and collections, investments, and secured transactions. Consumer credit transactions, mortgages and realty, trusts and estates. Prerequisites: ACCT 157 and BUS 226. 

BUS 333. International Issues in Management. Issues in international business and management from a world-system perspective; development of management as it influences and is influenced by multinational network of organizations, governments, and business enterprises. Theory and practice of global management, requiring perspective compatible with changing nature of international relations. Prerequisite:  BUS 155.

BUS 342. WI:Organizational Behavior and Leadership. Examines the relationship between the individual and the organization. Topics to be considered include communication motivation, leadership and power, group dynamics and decision-making, interpersonal relationships and change. Theories and practice of leadership will be studied in depth. Various pedagogical techniques will be utilized including lectures, case studies, examination of research and experiential learning. Prerequisites: BUS 155. Writing-intensive.  

BUS 365. Management Seminar. Senior seminar for management majors that  presents classic and emerging management strategy theory, integrates functional aspects of business including marketing, human resources, finance and operations, and gives students opportunities to apply these concepts and principles to the effective leadership and management of business and not-for-profit organizations.  Prerequisites: Senior standing; BUS 155 and either MKTG 151 or BUS 253.  

BUS 366. Service Learning. This course provides students with the opportunity to participate in a minimum of 45 service-learning hours accompanied by lectures and classwork throughout the semester while integrating the knowledge gained in their coursework to meet real community and business needs in the Lehigh Valley. Through hands-on service and related assignments, students will learn about community organizations and how to partner with them to make an impact on the community. Prerequisites: Senior standing;  BUS 155 and either MKTG 151 or BUS 253.

BUS 190-199, 290-299, 390-399. Special Topics.
BUS 286, 381-383. Independent Study.
BUS 384. Independent Research.
BUS 288, 386-388. Internship.
BUS 400-401. Honors.

Undergraduate Courses in Economics

ECON 152. Principles of Economics. Study of basic economic theory and major economic institutions, including the development of economic thought. Emphasis on structure, functions, and underlying principles of modern economic life. Includes elementary macro- and microeconomic theory. Prerequisite: Either a minimum ALEKS score of 40, or any score on the ɫ��ɫ University Canvas exam.(M4)

ECON 156. Economic and Business Statistics. Introduction to statistical concepts and methods. This course reviews descriptive measures of location and dispersion, provides an overview of probability concepts and distributions, and focuses on statistical inference, hypothesis testing, and simple and multiple linear regression analysis. Additional topics may include quality control and time series analysis. ECON 156 may not be taken for credit by students who have earned credit for MATH 107 or ECON 156 or MATH 232. Prerequisite: three years of secondary mathematics through college-level algebra.  (F2) 

ECON 211. The Economics of Health and Health Care. Human health, national and personal, from an economic perspective. Expenditures on health are a primary determinant of quality of life. In the United States and in many other countries in the developed world, health-care expenditures are rising faster than consumer income. Thus, understanding the economics of health is important, especially given the increasingly complex ways in which health-care services are delivered. Topics include the value of health from an individual and societal perspective; demand for physicians and other health services; supply of health care; insurance; international comparison of health expenditure and the role of government. May be counted as an elective for the economics major or minor. Prerequisite: junior or senior class standing, and ECON 152. (U1)

ECON 220. Money, Banking and Financial Markets. This course examines the role that financial markets play in the business and economic environment and the underlying institutions that either help or hinder the performance of financial markets.  We explain how the central banks operate, how the monetary policy is conducted, and how financial intermediaries facilitate the implementation of the monetary policy.  We explore the connection between financial markets and the economy. Prerequisite: ECON 152 with C- or better.

ECON 225. Intermediate Microeconomics. Theory of production; market structures; equilibrium of the firm and the industry; pricing of factors of production; analysis of consumer behavior; general equilibrium analysis; welfare economics. Prerequisites: ECON 152 (final grades of C– or better), college-level calculus (MATH 108 or MATH105, MATH 170, or MATH 106 & MATH 166), ECON 156 or MATH 107 and sophomore standing.

ECON 226. Intermediate Macroeconomics. Macroeconomic theory and policy. Development and historical background of a unified macroeconomic model to explain the national income, inflation, and unemployment; economic growth. Analysis of current domestic and international economic events. Sophomore standing or instructor permission. Prerequisite: ECON 156 or MATH 107 (final grade of C– or better) and ECON 220.

ECON 228. Economic Development. An integrative approach to theories and challenges of economic development in developing countries. Topics include population growth, education and health, capital formation and technology, socio-cultural foundations of development, trade, and the role of domestic and international institutions, especially the World Bank. Case studies are used from around the world. Prerequisite: ECON 152 (final grade of C– or better). 

ECON 236. International Economics. Theories and policies of international trade and finance. Balance of payments, exchange-rate determination, free trade and protectionism, evolution of international economic institutions, contemporary issues. Prerequisites: ECON 152 (final grade of C– or better). 

ECON 240. Environmental Economics and Policy. This course explores theories of externalities and public goods as applied to pollution and environmental policy. Trade-offs between production and environmental amenities and assessment of non-market value of environmental amenities. Topics include remediation and clean-up policies, development, and biodiversity management. Prerequisite: ECON 152 (final grade of C– or better). 

ECON 241. Natural Resource Economics and Policy. This course introduces the economic dimensions of environmental and energy issues. Use of economic models to approach energy and environmental issues in a way that leads to socially responsible and economically sound policy. Specific applications include fisheries, oil and gas reserves, and wildlife management. Prerequisite: ECON 152 (final grade of C– or better). 

ECON 256. Applied Econometrics. An introduction to regression-based modeling as applied to economic, management, marketing, and other business-related examples. Emphasis is on how to use econometrics to inform decision-making: to formulate, model, and interpret results of real-world problems based on data. In addition to learning various modeling techniques, the course focuses on often encountered data problems such as multicollinearity and serial correlation of errors. There is significant emphasis on correct specification of models and interpretation of results. Students will learn to use econometric software to estimate models and detect and address common challenges inherent in data. Prerequisites: ECON 152 and 156 or MATH 107 (final grade of C– or better).

ECON 312. The Economics of Sports. This course applies economic theory to a variety of amateur and professional sports, including baseball, hockey, football, basketball, soccer, and golf. Principal areas of interest are labor markets, industrial organization, and public finance. Topics for discussion: unions and strike behavior, the monopoly power of leagues, the baseball antitrust exemption, the effect of free agency on competitive balance and player salaries, and the funding of stadiums. Prerequisite: ECON 225.  

ECON 325. History of Economic Thought. Development of classical and neoclassical or marginalist economic theory. Works by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, Alfred Marshall, John Maynard Keynes, and others. Prerequisite: ECON 152 (final grade of C– or better) and one 200-level ECON course. 

ECON 327. Industrial Organization. This course applies economic theory to the pricing practices of firms under varying degrees of competition. Analysis covers different industries and also firms’ decisions regarding quality, advertising and other business choices. Topics include: technological innovation, the role of information and advertising, and the dynamics of oligopoly and monopoly pricing. Prerequisites:  ECON 225. 

ECON 329. Labor Economics. Analysis of supply and demand for human resources, functioning of labor markets and labor institutions. Topics include discrimination, unionism and collective bargaining, macroeconomic aspects of employment, unemployment, wage levels. Prerequisites: ECON 225.  

ECON 330. WI: Public Economics.  Public sector of the economy and economic welfare. Institutions and financing of the public sector. Nature of public goods, theory of public choice, principles of expenditure and tax analysis, the welfare effects of specific programs such as medical care, social security, unemployment insurance and food stamps, taxes on income, sales, social security, and property. State and local government finance. Prerequisites: ECON 225.  Writing-intensive. 

ECON 190-199, 290-299, 390-399. Special Topics.
ECON 286, 381-383. Independent Study.
ECON 384. Independent Research.
ECON 288, 386-388. Internship.
ECON 400-401. Honors.

Undergraduate Courses in Finance

FIN 231. Managerial Finance. Relevant theories of financial management of business organizations, with emphasis on corporate form. Combines theoretical and environmental frames of reference to determine how firms maximize value. Topics include real and financial-asset valuation, risk and rates of return, cost of capital, portfolio choice, and long- and short-term financing decisions. Prerequisites: ECON152 (final grade of C– or better) and ECON 156 or MATH 107 (final grade of C– or better) and ACCT 157. 

FIN 235. Current Topics in Finance. Assesses contemporary issues in financial markets and institutions, corporate finance, investments, and the global economy. Topics, including digital currency and FinTech companies, are chosen to reflect the dynamic and revolutionary nature of financial markets in a globalizing and technologically sophisticated environment. Prerequisite: ECON 225 with C- or better. Recommended: ECON 220. 

FIN 331. Advanced Managerial Finance. Building upon the basic concepts of managerial finance, this course explores methods and models to determine the value of stocks, bonds and projects, analyze the optimal decisions a financial manager has under different situations, and evaluate a company’s financial decisions from the perspective of investors, managers, and the government.  This course will be focused on how firms’ financial decisions affect their valuation.  Prerequisite: FIN 231.

FIN 332. Behavioral Finance. This course relaxes the traditional assumption of rationality and discusses the impact of irrational cognitive biases on financial decision-making. The course aims to provide students with a systematic knowledge in behavioral finance theories and applications. We will study how these biases affect managerial decisions and asset pricing. Prerequisites: FIN 341.

FIN 341. WI: Investment and Portfolio Theory.  Principles underlying investment analysis and policy; salient characteristics of governmental and corporate securities; policies of investment companies and investing institutions; relation of investment policy to money markets; forces affecting securities prices; construction of personal and institutional investment programs. Determination of investment values, portfolio analysis, optimal investment planning. Securities and Exchange Commission regulations. Prerequisite: FIN 231. (WI)

FIN 342. Risk Management and Insurance.  A survey course covering essential principles, practices, and basic legal aspects of risk management and insurance from the perspective of the individual, the finance manager, and the government. An analysis of the attributes of various alternative types of insurance (life insurance, health insurance, social insurance, etc.) from a risk management perspective will be a central theme of this course. Self-insurance will also be examined. Prerequisites: FIN 231.

FIN 342.1. Amrhein Investment Fund. Management of the Amrhein Investment Fund, with a maximum of one full unit of credit given if specific academic requirements are met. Pass/no credit only. 

FIN 190-199, 290-299, 390-399. Special Topics.
FIN 286, 381-383. Independent Study.
FIN 384. Independent Research.
FIN 288, 386-388. Internship.
FIN 400-401. Honors.

Undergraduate Courses in Leadership

LDR 110.2. Leadership and Service for the Common Good. The purpose of this course is for Emerging Leaders Scholarship recipients to come together with a faculty facilitator to (a) learn leadership themes; (b) create opportunities to lead and have an impact; and (c) to find their place in the College community as aspiring leaders on campus and beyond. Students will read, discuss, and write in order to learn more about their own strengths and weaknesses as they begin the journey of emerging leaders. The course will use a seminar/workshop model. This course is only open to first year, Emerging Leaders Scholarship recipients.

LDR 166. Introduction to Leadership Research. This is a survey course in leadership research. The course will introduce a fundamental research process of inquiry for studying leadership in companies, organizations and communities.  Topics include research on the contemporary concept of leaders and leadership; leader and leadership assessments; leader impact on individuals and groups; leadership training and development; evaluating leader and leadership effectiveness; and, the future of leadership.  To ensure a broad understanding of the value of leadership research, a variety of contexts, such as the corporate, not-for-profit, community and public sectors will be considered.

LDR 210.2. Leadership and Service for the Common Good. This course will help students to further explore leadership themes as they relate to transformational leadership and servant leadership. Students will continue to learn leadership themes and will create their own leadership projects over the course of the semester. Students will continue to design and engage in service work and will serve as mentors to the first year Emerging Leaders in the construction of these projects. The course will use a seminar/workshop model. This course is only open to second year, Emerging Leaders Scholarship recipients.

LDR 245. Leadership Theory & Practice. This course presents an overview of classic and contemporary leadership theory through lecture, case scenarios and experiential learning.  Throughout the course, students will have the opportunity to assess and develop their leadership styles and strengths, beginning with the Leadership Practices Inventory 360 (LPI 360). Leadership theory and practice will be viewed from both a business and community context.

LDR 261. Community Leadership. Engaged community participation is a hallmark of our country’s founding. Throughout our history, great movements and change arises through the actions of ordinary individuals, particularly in the U.S. in the 1950’s during the Civil Rights movement. Community leadership emerged as a result of these individuals acting collaboratively towards a shared vision. This course will explore the concept and principles of community leadership and investigate topics such as: local economic development, community organizing, corporate social responsibility, leading and retaining professional staff and volunteers, and assessing the complex challenges facing communities. In this class, students will identify a community issue or problem and develop a plan to address it.  “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.”; (Mead).

LDR 312. Innovation and Creativity.

LDR 313. Emotional Intelligence.

LDR 314. Women in Leadership. 

LDR 361. Strategic Leadership. Strategic leadership develops a shared vision that enables a business or organization to adapt or sustain its competitive advantage in an evolving and changing environment.  This course will focus on the interactions between an organization and its stakeholders in order to achieve organizational direction and goals.  Students will learn how to effectively and appropriately define value propositions, conduct environmental scans, use strategic analysis tools.

LDR 374. Contemporary Leadership Challenges. To be effective as a leader in a world of constant change, one must constantly and consistently meet challenges. In this course, we will study some of the most pervasive and pressing challenges leaders face and how to meet them. Specifically, the course will look at how the tools of emotional intelligence, creating a shared vision, building trust, claiming your courage, being empathetic and facilitating communication can help address challenges such as greed, lack of integrity, poor followership and low/no engagement.

LDR 190-199, 290-299, 390-399. Special Topics.
LDR 286, 381-383. Independent Study.
LDR 384. Independent Research.
LDR 288, 386-388. Internship.
LDR 400-401. Honors.

Undergraduate Courses in Marketing

MKTG 151. Marketing Management. The role of marketing activities in management of an organization. Emphasis on application of marketing principles to design and implement effective programs for marketing products and services to consumers and industrial users. Market analysis and buyer behavior in the development of appropriate product, pricing, distribution, and promotional strategies. 

MKTG 227. Consumer Behavior. Psychology of consumers. Methods of psychological research for problems in consumer areas. Impact of personality, learning, motivation, and perception on consumer decisions. Topics include consumer stereotypes, social groups as consumers, advertising, product or brand images and identification, and attitude change in consumers. Recommended: MKTG 151. 

MKTG 228. Telling and Selling Your Brand: The Art of the Story. (also IDIS 228) Explores the use of mythology, archetypes, and storytelling to create a cohesive and compelling identity for an organization. Focus on how legendary organizations have built trust and created iconic brands by understanding and applying these principles. The use of symbolism (visual and mental) and metaphor to create a theme that is enduring, powerful, and integrated throughout the organization. Explore ways that organizations and people can develop deep and lasting relationships with their customers and other stakeholders through the understanding and application of these storytelling techniques. Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or higher.

MKTG 250. Moral Marketing - Serving the World's Poor. (Also IDIS 250) How the ideas of tzedek ("justice") and charity ("love") apply to marketing to the world's poorest people (those living on less than $2 a day). Examination of three different perspectives of social justice: Jewish, Christian, and American secular traditions. Each of these three perspectives has unique traditions regarding the role of the individual and the community, and the obligation towards helping those less fortunate. Discussion of differences between morality and ethics based on these three perspectives, as well as approaches to social justice as an obligation, an act of love, or a practical solution. Discuss needs of the poor in emerging nations and how products could be created and distributed in these emerging nations in accordance with these different ethical and moral perspectives. (U2) Prerequisite: junior or senior class standing.          

MKTG 270. Digital Marketing. Digital Marketing addresses the understanding and use of digital technologies in promoting a brand or business and selling products and services.  The course emphasizes the application of digital communication strategies to design and implement effective programs for marketing products and services to consumers and business users. Prerequisites: BUS 155 and MKTG 151. 

MKTG 275. Marketing Analytics. This course is designed to introduce students to data modeling and analysis techniques as applied to marketing and other business-related examples. Emphasis is on how to use analytical techniques and computer models to enhance marketing decision making in modern enterprises.  This course will expose you to various examples that demonstrate the value of marketing analytics in real marketing contexts. As an applied course, there is significant emphasis on correct specification of models and interpretation of results. Students will learn to use marketing analytics software to make marketing decisions. Prerequisites: ECON 156 and MKTG 151.

MKTG 311. WI: Marketing Research. Methods of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to aid marketing managers in identifying market problems and opportunities and to develop effective marketing strategies. Prerequisites: ECON 156 or MATH 107 (final grade of C– or better) and MKTG 151. Writing-intensive. 

MKTG 370. New Product Marketing. This course explores the process of gaining competitive advantage through new product development and market innovation in a dynamic business environment. It examines the different stages of successful new product development from a marketing perspective including: customer centric idea and concept generation, evaluation and testing, product launch and evaluation. Prerequisite: MKTG 151.  

MKTG 375. Marketing Strategy. Senior seminar course for marketing management and marketing analytics majors. This course examines a systematic framework for strategic marketing decision making in the context of a dynamic and evolving marketing environment. Specific emphasis will be placed on how marketing strategy is both impacted by and supports overall organizational strategy. Explores the development and evaluation of marketing strategy from a customer-focused, market oriented perspective. Students will have opportunities to apply these concepts and principles in real world scenarios. Prerequisites: MKTG 311.  

MKTG 190-199, 290-299, 390-399. Special Topics.
MKTG 286, 381-383. Independent Study.
MKTG 384. Independent Research.
MKTG 288, 386-388. Internship.
MKTG 400-401. Honors.